Protective Effect of Shengmaiyin in Myocardial Hypertrophy-Induced Rats: A Genomic Analysis by 16S rDNA

Figures

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  Figure 1. In ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy, SMY can restore cardiac function. (a) Representative echocardiograms of rats with myocardial hypertrophy after treatment with different concentrations of SMY. (b) EF%. (c) FS%. (d) LVIDd. (e) LVIDs. n = 3 rats per group. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; p < 0.05 was considered significant (#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, and ###p < 0.001 compared with the blank group; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.01 compared with the model group).

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  Figure 2. The effect of SMY on the BW, VW, and VW/BW ratio in rats with ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy. (a) The weight of the rats at 5 experimental time points. (b) The VW of rats from each group. (c) The VW/BW ratio of rats in each group. n = 10 rats per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM; p < 0.05 was considered significant (#p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 compared with the blank group; ∗p < 0.05 compared with the model group).

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  Figure 3. SMY inhibits ISO-induced hypertrophy-related myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. n = 3 rats per group; scale bar, 50 μm. The black arrows indicate infiltration by inflammatory substances, cell necrosis, blue collagen, and partial fibrosis.

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  Figure 4. Effect of SMY on the contents of FFAs and cAMP in the myocardial tissue and serum of rats with ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy. (a) FFA content in myocardial tissues. (b) FFA content in the serum. (c) cAMP content in myocardial tissues. (d) cAMP content in the serum. n = 6 rats per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM; p < 0.05 was considered significant (#p < 0.05 and ###p < 0.001 compared with the blank group; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗p < 0.01 compared with the model group).

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  Figure 5. The effect of SMY on the TG, T-CHO, LDL-C, HDL-C, ATP, and glucose contents in the serum of rats with ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy. (a) TG content in the serum. n = 8 rats per group. (b) T-CHO content in the serum. n = 8 rats per group. (c) LDL-C content in the serum. n = 6 rats per group. (d) Serum HDL-C content. n = 6 rats per group. (e) ATP content in the serum. n = 6 rats per group. (f) Serum glucose content. n = 6 rats per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM; p < 0.05 was considered significant (#p < 0.05 and ###p < 0.001 compared with the blank group; ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 compared with the model group).

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  Figure 6. The effect of SMY on the relative gene expression of ANP, BNP, and β-MHC in the myocardial tissue of rats with ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy. (a) ANP expression. (b) BNP expression. (c) β-MHC expression. n = 4 rats per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM; p < 0.05 was considered significant (#p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 compared with the blank group; ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 compared with the model group).

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  Figure 7. Venn diagram of OTU distribution and curves. (a) Venn diagram. The different colours represent the different groups. Red indicates the blank group, green indicates the model group, and blue indicates the SMYH group. (b) Rarefaction curve. The x axis represents the amount of randomly selected sequencing data and the y axis represents the number of OTUs observed. (c) Shannon curve. The x axis represents the amount of randomly selected sequencing data and the y axis represents the Shannon index. (d) Species accumulation curves. The x axis represents the sample size and the y axis represents the number of OTUs after sampling. n = 10 rats per group.

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  Figure 8. Analysis of differences in the α diversity index and β diversity, as determined by PCoA, between groups. (a) Chao1 index. (b) Shannon index. (a, b) The first quartile (Q1) in the figure, also known as the “lower quartile”, is the 25th percentile of all the values in the sample in descending order. The second quartile (Q2), also known as the “median”, is the 50th percentile of all values in the sample in descending order. The third quartile (Q3), also known as the “upper quartile”, is the 75th percentile of all values in the sample in descending order. (c) PCoA of β diversity. The x axis represents the first principal component, the y axis represents the second principal component, and the percentage represents the contribution to the difference between samples. n = 10 rats per group.

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  Figure 9. Relative abundance of species and biomarkers in samples from each group. (a) Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at the phylum level. (b) Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at the class level. (c) Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at the order level. (d) Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at the family level. (e) Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at the genus level. (f) Relative abundance of bacteria in each group at the species level. (a-f) The different colours represent different species, as indicated in the legend on the right, the horizontal axis represents the sample or group, and the vertical axis represents the relative abundance of different species.

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  Figure 10. Function prediction by KEGG and COG analyses. (a) Heatmap of KEGG terms. The different colours represent the different functional items, as indicated in the legend on the right; the horizontal axis represents the sample or group, and the vertical axis represents the relative abundance of bacteria associated with each functional term. (b) STAMP plot of the KEGG results. The left figure shows the abundance ratio of bacteria associated with different functional terms between two samples or two groups. The middle figure indicates the difference ratio within a 95% confidence interval. The rightmost value is the p value, and a p value <0.05 indicates a significant difference. (c) LDA score obtained by LefSe analysis of the KEGG results. Red represents the blank group and the green represents the model group. (d) LDA score obtained by LefSe analysis of the KEGG results. Red represents the model group, and the green represents the SMYH group. (e) Heatmap of COG terms. (f) STAMP plot of the COG results. (g) LDA score obtained by LefSe analysis of the COG results. (h) LDA score obtained by LefSe analysis of the COG results. n = 10 rats per group.

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  Figure 11. SMY regulates the key signalling pathway in rats with ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy. (a) ADCY1, PKA, PPARγ, and Glut4 levels. (b) Relative expression of ADCY1, PKA, PPARγ, and Glut4. (c) HIF1ɑ, PPARɑ, CPT1A, and Glut1 levels. (d) Relative expression of HIF1α, PPARα, CPT1A, and Glut1. n = 3 rats per group. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM; p < 0.05 is considered significant (#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001 compared with the blank group; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 compared with the model group).

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  Figure 12. Study design of the protective effect and mechanism of SMY on ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy in rats.