Hot-electron-induced MOSFET degradation—Model, monitor, and improvement

Evidence suggests that MOSFET degradation is due to interface-states generation by electrons having 3.7 eV and higher energies. This critical energy and the observed time dependence is explained with physical model involving the breaking of the ≡ Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> H bonds. The device lifetime τ is proportional to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Isub-2.9Id1.9Δ Vₜ1.5</tex> . If I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sub</inf> is large because of small <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</tex> or large V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</inf> , etc., τ will be small. I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sub</inf> (and possibly light emission) is thus a powerful predictor of τ. The proportionality constant has been found to vary by a factor of 100 for different technologies, offering hope for substantially better reliability through future improvements in dielectric /interface technologies. A simple physical model can relate the channel field E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> to all the device parameters and bias voltages. Its use in interpreting and guiding hot-electron scaling are described. LDD structures can reduce E <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> and I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sub</inf> and, when properly designed, reduce device degradation.