Endothelial progenitor cell mobilization based on exercise volume in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures

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  Figure 1. PRISMA flow chart of the study.

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  Figure 2. Change in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) numbers in patients with cardiovascular disease before vs. after (A) continuous exercise training, (B) combined exercise training, and (C) interval exercise training. Average values of EPCs are represented as cells/mL and cells%. Squares represent the mean difference between intervention and control post-intervention with 95% confidence intervals, size of the square proportional to the weight of the study; pooled estimates from the meta-analysis are depicted as solid black diamonds.

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  Figure 3. Change in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) numbers in healthy individuals before vs. after (A) acute continuous exercise, (B) acute resistance exercise, and (C) continuous exercise training. Average values of EPCs are represented as cells/mL and cells%.5 Squares represent the mean difference between intervention and control post-intervention with 95% confidence intervals, size of the square proportional to the weight of the study; pooled estimates from the meta-analysis are depicted as solid black diamonds.

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  Figure 4. Change in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) numbers before vs. after exercise in (A) patients with cardiovascular disease and (B) healthy individuals and athletes. Average values of VEGF are represented as pg/mL. Squares represent the mean difference between intervention and control post-intervention with 95% confidence intervals, size of the square proportional to the weight of the study; pooled estimates from the meta-analysis are depicted as solid black diamonds.

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  Figure 5. Change in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) numbers in patients with cardiovascular disease before vs. after exercise training of (A) duration ≥ 30 min, intensity < 65%VO2peak and (B) duration ≥ 30 min, intensity ≥ 65%VO2peak. Average values of EPCs are represented as cells/mL and cells%. Squares represent the mean difference between intervention and control post-intervention with 95% confidence intervals, size of the square proportional to the weight of the study; pooled estimates from the meta-analysis are depicted as solid black diamonds.

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  Figure 6. Change in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) numbers in healthy individuals before vs. after acute exercise of (A) duration ≥ 30 min, intensity < 65%VO2max, (B) duration ≥ 30 min, intensity ≥ 65%VO2max, (C) duration < 30 min, intensity ≥ 65%VO2max, and training regime of (D) duration ≥30 min, intensity <65%VO2max. Average values of EPCs represented as cells/mL and cells%. Squares represent the mean difference between intervention and control post-intervention with 95% confidence intervals, size of the square proportional to the weight of the study; pooled estimates from the meta-analysis are depicted as solid black diamonds.