Impact of anatomical reverse remodelling in the design of optimal quadripolar pacing leads: A computational study

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Four-chamber heart meshes from 24 HF patients (blue, left) and 20 RR (red, right) CT datasets. Only the ventricles were used in this study. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 2. Schematic positioning of the LV leads. Each colour corresponds to a possible vein location in the LV free wall, with a virtual lead placed in it. Each dot corresponds with a potential electrode location along the lead. AN stands for anterior, AL for antero-lateral, LA for lateral, IL for infero-lateral and IN for inferior. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the pipeline followed to find the patient-based and cohort-based designs.

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  Fig. 4. Optimal MPP design across all veins. The order followed was first choosing the ones where the maximum number of patients are benefited from it while using the minimal amount of lead designs.

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  Fig. 5. Distributions of AT090 reduction (in %) for different lead configurations in each of the cohorts. The distributions correspond to kernel density estimates from discrete data points. A) Proportion of lead configurations with a reduction of AT090 using personalised and population-based optimal quadripolar lead designs. B) All the options of single optimal lead design for each cohort applied to each cohort. Colour corresponds to the cohort for which the quadripolar lead is optimal and solid or dotted corresponds to the cohort where the quadripolar lead is applied to. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)