What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to identify and prioritize critical factors that influence transitions between manual and autonomous navigation in maritime operations.

A Framework for Identification and Prioritization of Critical Factors in Transition Between Manual and Autonomous Navigation Functions in Marine Vessels

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Randomized trial identifies critical factors affecting transitions in autonomous navigation, suggesting improved safety in maritime operations.

The aim is to identify and prioritize critical factors that influence transitions between manual and autonomous navigation in maritime operations.
Proposed a hazard analysis framework using System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA).
Assessed hazards and operation modes at varying levels of autonomy.
Reviewed incident reports to identify unsafe control actions (UCAs) and their causes.
Identified UCAs like delayed transition activations and alarm failures.
Developed targeted safety recommendations for improving MASS navigation operations.
Framework is adaptable to other maritime functions.

Saaiby et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial identifies critical factors affecting transitions in autonomous navigation, suggesting improved safety in maritime operations.