Adverbial stance types in English

The present paper identifies various speech styles of English as marked by stance adver‐bials. By stance we mean the overt expression of an author's or speaker's attitudes, feelings, judgments, or commitment concerning the message. Adverbials are one of the primary lexical markers of stance in English, and we limit ourselves in this paper to adverbial marking of stance (the attitudinal and style disjuncts presented in Quirk, Green‐baum, Leech, in several cases, our analysis shows that the discourse functions of stance adverbials differ considerably from the functions suggested by their literal meanings. With respect to the adverbial marking of stance, eight styles are identified, including “Cautious,” “Secluded from Dispute,” and “Faceless.”