Quercetin’s multifaceted effects on testicular function and fertility: a comprehensive review of the underlying molecular mechanisms

• Quercetin mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation in testicular tissues. • Quercetin enhances spermatogenic function and ameliorates testicular injury. • Quercetin preserves hormonal balance in male reproductive organs. • Quercetin protects testicular architecture and reduces apoptosis. Quercetin, an abundant dietary flavonol, is recognized for its potent biological activities, including antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects. Its capacity to modulate multiple pathways makes it a promising candidate for supporting male reproductive health and testicular function. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the multifaceted effects of quercetin on testicular function and male fertility, focusing specifically on outlining its underlying molecular mechanisms. Findings from animal‑model studies consistently demonstrate that quercetin significantly ameliorates testicular injury, improves spermatogenic parameters, and preserves hormonal balance. Key mechanisms involve the suppression of oxidative stress, inhibition of pro‑inflammatory pathways, and modulation of apoptosis. Despite these promising preclinical findings, clinical evidence regarding quercetin’s efficacy in human male fertility remains limited, and no standardized therapeutic protocol currently exists. Further large‑scale epidemiological and interventional human studies are essential to validate its clinical role as a nutraceutical intervention in male reproductive disorders.