Platycodi radixbeverage ameliorates postprandial lipemia response through lipid clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein: A randomized controlled study in healthy subjects with a high-fat load

Figures

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  Fig. 1. CONSORT diagram illustrating the enrolment, group allocation, follow-up, and analysis of all subjects in this study. Fifty-two eligible subjects were randomly divided to one of the two groups, followed by over a week wash-out period and subsequent crossover to the alternate group. AP, aqueous extract of Platycodi radix.

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  Fig. 2. Effect of AP on (A) in vitro inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity (n = 3) and (B) lipoprotein lipase level in healthy subjects receiving placebo (○) and AP (●) beverages with a high-fat shake (n = 52/group). AP, aqueous extract of Platycodi radix. Values are expressed as means ± SE. Statistical significance was determined using a Linear Mixed Effect Model controlled for potential confounding variables. *P < 0.05

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  Fig. 3. Postprandial TG response in plasma, chylomicron fraction, and VLDL fraction in healthy subjects to placebo (○) and AP (●) beverages with a high-fat shake (n = 52/group): (A) Concentration-time profile, (B) Summary values. TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very-low density lipoprotein; AP, aqueous extract of Platycodi radix. Values are expressed as means ± SE. Statistical significance was determined using a Linear Mixed Effect Model controlled for potential confounding variables. *P < 0.05

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  Fig. 4. Correlation between postprandial TG response (y axis) and (A) MEDFICTS and (B) RFS (x axis) in all subjects (n = 104). TG, triglycerides, MEDFICTS, meats, eggs, dairy, frying foods, baked goods, convenience foods, table fats, and snack; RFS, recommended food score. P-values and correlation coefficients shown in each panel were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. The solid line represents a regression line.

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  Fig. 5. Comparison of postprandial TG response in (A) chylomicron and (B) VLDL between different groups after subgrouping subjects into MEDFICTS < 40 (n = 22 for placebo ○, and n = 25 for AP ●) and MEDFICTS ≥ 40 (n = 30 for placebo, and n = 27 for AP). TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; MEDFICTS, meats, eggs, dairy, frying foods, baked goods, convenience foods, table fats, and snack; AP, aqueous extract of Platycodi radix. P-values were calculated using ANCOVA. *P < 0.05