Heart failure and osteoporosis: common pathogenetic components

This literature review reflects modern ideas about the combination of heart failure (HF) and osteoporosis, common risk factors for these diseases, and pathophysiological mechanisms of metabolic bone diseases in HF. Despite a growing number of studies on the combined cardiovascular and skeletal system pathology, the relationship between a decrease in bone mineral density and HF risk remains poorly understood. Both conditions are common causes of disability, death, prolonged hospitalizations and a significant reduction in quality of life, while its combination exacerbates their course and increases the incidence of adverse outcomes, which is a heavy burden for a patient and health care in general.