Functional neuroimaging of sensorimotor cortices in postmenopausal women with type II diabetes

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Illustration of experimental stimuli during the vibrotactile stimulation and motor performance tasks during fNIRS testing. Subjects viewed a fixation cross during vibrotactile stimulation blocks; they viewed real-time feedback on their force production during motor blocks. The order of stimulus presentation was block randomized within stimulation type. Sensory stimulation tasks always occurred prior to motor tasks.

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  Fig. 2. Cortical fNIRS layout and sensitivity map. (a) Geometrical layout of sources (red) and detectors (blue) with respect to the international 10–10 electroencephalogram (EEG) system.25 Bold black ovals denote the ROIs, which are subsequently labeled nearby in purple boldface. ROI hemisphere is denoted in subscript. ROIs included PFC, SMA, M1, S1, and BA40. Hemisphere side as well as anterior and posterior of the cranium are noted. (b) Correspondent sensitivity map overlaid onto the Colin27 brain model. Sensitivity computed and displayed with AtlasViewer.26

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  Fig. 3. Tactile sensory function data, maximal force data, and indices of submaximal force production. “Group” mean and SE values are shown. (a) Tactile sensory function data for each of the three nerves of the hand, (b) maximal pinch forces, (c) coefficient of variation (CV) in submaximal force production tasks, and (d) DFA in submaximal force production tasks.

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  Fig. 4. fNIRS t-scores for HbO and HbR during vibrotactile stimulation for each group, as depicted by ROI and hemisphere. Mean and SE values are shown. (a) HbO of controls. White bars indicate right hemisphere and blue bars indicate left hemisphere. (b) HbO of PwDM. Gray bars indicate right hemisphere and red bars indicate left hemisphere. (c) HbR of controls. (d) HbR of PwDM.

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  Fig. 5. fNIRS t-scores for HbO during submaximal force production tasks for each group, depicted by ROI and hemisphere. Mean and SE values are shown. * indicates a significant difference between groups. (a) HbO of controls across all motor tasks. White bars indicate right hemisphere and blue bars indicate left hemisphere. (b) HbO of PwDM across all motor tasks. Gray bars indicate right hemisphere and red bars indicate left hemisphere. (c) HbO of controls during 15% MVC force production tasks. (d) HbO of PwDM during 15% MVC force production tasks. (e) HbO of controls during 40% MVC force production tasks. (f) HbO of PwDM during 40% MVC force production tasks.

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  Fig. 6. fNIRS t-scores for HbR during submaximal force production tasks for each group, depicted by ROI and hemisphere. Mean and SE values are shown. (a) HbR of controls across all motor tasks. White bars indicate right hemisphere and blue bars indicate left hemisphere. (b) HbR of PwDM across all motor tasks. Gray bars indicate right hemisphere and red bars indicate left hemisphere. (c) HbR of controls during 15% MVC force production tasks. (d) HbR of PwDM during 15% MVC force production tasks. (e) HbR of controls during 40% MVC force production tasks. (f) HbR of PwDM during 40% MVC force production tasks.