Key result
Surveillance-only strategies offered the most cost-effective approach for Foot-and-Mouth Disease in resource-limited settings, while integrated control provided the greatest infection reduction.
Why the study?
To investigate the transmission dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease with environmental transmission pathways and evaluate cost-effective intervention strategies.
A fractional-order mathematical model suggests that surveillance-only strategies are the most cost-effective for FMD in resource-limited settings, whereas integrated control maximizes infection reduction.
Cost-effective FMD controls derived via fractional model; leaves open field validation before adoption.
This study develops a Caputo fractional-order mathematical model to investigate the transmission dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) with explicit inclusion of environmental transmission pathways. The model integrates time-dependent control measures, including vaccination, movement restrictions, biosecurity, surveillance, culling, and treatment. A fractional optimal control framework is employed to derive cost-effective intervention strategies that minimize disease burden while accounting for memory effects inherent in FMD dynamics. Furthermore, a cost-effectiveness analysis is conducted to evaluate and rank competing control strategies based on incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Analytical results concerning the positivity, boundedness, and stability of solutions are established, and numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed interventions. The findings indicate that surveillance-only strategies offer the most cost-effective approach in resource-limited settings, while integrated control provides the greatest reduction in infections at a higher cost. This work provides policymakers with actionable insights for designing economically viable FMD control programs.
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Ndendya et al. (2026) studied Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). Time-dependent control measures (vaccination, movement restrictions, biosecurity, surveillance, culling, and treatment) was evaluated on Disease burden and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Surveillance-only strategies offered the most cost-effective approach for Foot-and-Mouth Disease in resource-limited settings, while integrated control provided the greatest infection reduction.
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