Population Pharmacokinetics of Candesartan in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Figures

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  Figure 1. Goodness of fit plots. Left‐hand side: Plots of observations (DV: dependent variables) vs. individual predictions (IPRED) or population predictions (PRED). Right‐hand side: Plots of conditional weighted residuals (CWRES) vs. population predictions or time after dose (TAD).

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  Figure 2. Visual predictive check stratified by dose and performed between 0 and 4 hours postdose. Black solid lines represent (from bottom to top) the 2.5th, 50th, and 97.5th percentiles of the observations. Blue areas refer (from bottom to top) to the 95% confidence intervals for the same percentiles, as predicted by the model.

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  Figure 3. Covariates effect on the typical value of apparent oral clearance (CL/F). Black solid line in the middle of the blue zone corresponds to the typical value of the CL/F estimated in our study population. Blue shaded zone represents a change within 25% in CL/F. Numbers outside this zone represent an approximation of the probability to have a change of > 25% in CL/F relative to the typical value. Numbers inside this zone represent an approximation of the probability to have a change of < 25% in CL/F relative to the typical value. Diabetes: Simulated patients with diabetes; weight = 90: Simulated patients weighting 90 kg; weight = 70: Simulated patients weighting 70 kg; weight = 60: Simulated patients weighting 60 kg. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) = 60: Simulated patients having an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; eGFR = 45: Simulated patients having an eGFR of 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. Diabetes & eGFR = 60: Simulated patients with diabetes with an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73m2. Weight = 70 & eGFR = 45: Simulated patients weighing 70 kg with an eGFR of 45 mL/min/1.73m2.