Association between sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and a reduced risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world nationwide population-based cohort study

118,958 adults (aged >19 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (59,479 propensity score-matched pairs), mean age 53.2, 54.8% male, South Korean nationwide cohort (HIRA database). Excluded: type 1 diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, any malignancy, or previous hospitalization for heart failure 60 days before the index date.

Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) as a class (dapagliflozin 90.2%, ipragliflozin 9.8%)

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) as a class (linagliptin 26.3%, sitagliptin 26.1%, gemigliptin 15.6%, vildagliptin 10.0%, alogliptin 7.8%, saxagliptin 5.4%, teneligliptin 5.2%, anagliptin 2.0%, evogliptin 1.7%), propensity score matched 1:1

Hospitalization for heart failure (diagnosed as ICD-10 code I50 during admission)hard clinical