Vitamins and Minerals for Blood Pressure Reduction in the General, Normotensive Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Six Supplements

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart documenting the literature search and screening process.

• 

  Figure 2. Graphical representation of the risk of bias across all five domains, as well as the overall judgment, for all included studies.

• 

  Figure 3. Forest plot showing the mean difference of change in systolic blood pressure between vitamins (C, D, E) and placebo. T represents the sample size of the treatment (supplement/vitamin) group and C represents the sample size of the control (placebo) group. The pooled mean difference is given in mm Hg with its 95% CI. The weighted mean difference in mm Hg and its 95% CI is given for each study. A graphical representation with the weighted mean difference and its SE is also given for each study. References: Vitamin C ([51,56,61,85,112]); Vitamin D ([33,34,35,42,43,44,49,50,52,57,63,64,74,75,79,81,83,87,97,99,100,104,105,107,108,111,112,113,122,124]); Vitamin E ([86,88,89,90,115,117,120]).

• 

  Figure 4. Forest plot showing the mean difference of change in systolic blood pressure between minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium) and placebo. T represents the sample size of the treatment (supplement/mineral) group and C represents the sample size of the control (placebo) group. The pooled mean difference is given in mm Hg with its 95% CI. The weighted mean difference in mm Hg and its 95% CI is given for each study. A graphical representation with the weighted mean difference and its SE is also given for each study. References: Calcium ([37,39,43,52,55,66,67,70,71,73,91,92,95,96,101,102,106,114,116,119,123]); Magnesium ([45,46,48,54,58,59,60,65,69,76,93,94,95,98,103,109,114,118]); Potassium ([36,38,40,41,47,53,62,72,82,95,110,121]).

• 

  Figure 5. Forest plot showing the mean difference of change in diastolic blood pressure between vitamins (C, D, E) and placebo. T represents the sample size of the treatment (supplement/vitamin) group and C represents the sample size of the control (placebo) group. The pooled mean difference is given in mm Hg with its 95% CI. The weighted mean difference in mm Hg and its 95% CI is given for each study. A graphical representation with the weighted mean difference and its SE is also given for each study. References: Vitamin C ([51,56,61,112]); Vitamin D ([33,34,42,43,44,49,50,52,57,63,64,74,75,79,81,83,87,97,99,100,104,105,107,108,111,113,122,124]); Vitamin E ([86,88,90,115,117]).

• 

  Figure 6. Forest plot showing the mean difference of change in diastolic blood pressure between minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium) and placebo. T represents the sample size of the treatment (supplement/mineral) group and C represents the sample size of the control (placebo) group. The pooled mean difference is given in mm Hg with its 95% CI. The weighted mean difference in mm Hg and its 95% CI is given for each study. A graphical representation with the weighted mean difference and its SE is also given for each study. References: Calcium ([37,39,43,52,55,66,67,70,71,73,91,92,95,96,101,102,106,114,116,119,123]); Magnesium ([45,46,48,54,58,59,60,65,69,76,93,94,95,98,103,109,114,118]); Potassium ([36,38,40,41,47,53,62,72,82,95,110,121]).