Population
Intact chick embryos of 36 to 120 hours
Design
Preclinical
Authors
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Does not support clinical digoxin changes in fetuses; leaves open stage-specific conduction models for further study.
This preclinical study demonstrates that the type of digitalis-induced heart block in chick embryos depends on the developmental stage, with adult-type Wenckebach phenomenon reproducible in older embryos.
Paff et al. (1964) studied this question.
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