Pulmonary hypertension was found in 44.4% of hemodialysis patients and 32.3% of predialysis patients, with AVF flow being the most significant predictor in multiple regression analysis (t=4.0, p<0.001).

76 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), including 45 on regular hemodialysis (group 1) and 31 on conservative treatment (group 2). Exclusion criteria: chronic obstructive lung disease, chest wall disease or parenchymal lung disease, previous history of PHT, previous pulmonary embolism, collagen vascular disease, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50%, and significant mitral or aortic valve disease.

Regular hemodialysis through arteriovenous fistula (AVF) 3 times per week in 4-hour sessions

Conservative treatment for ESRD (predialysis)

Prevalence of unexplained pulmonary hypertension (systolic pulmonary artery pressure >35 mm Hg) and etiologic factorssurrogate