Population
A 74-year-old male with ESRD on hemodialysis presenting with dyspnea
Design
Case report
Authors
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Refractory PH despite AVF ligation and vasodilators in ESRD cautions clinicians; leaves open optimal management strategies and need for prospective data.
This case highlights the complexity of diagnosing and managing pulmonary hypertension in ESRD patients with AV fistulas, where high cardiac output and intrinsic pulmonary vascular disease may coexist and be refractory to standard therapies.
Gupta et al. (2019) studied this question.
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