Key result
High-volume primary PCI centers are linked to ~2.5-fold higher 1-year mortality than medium-volume centers.
Why the study?
Data were limited to inform policy mandating primary PCI volume benchmarks for catheterization laboratories in low- and middle-income countries.
Does institutional annual primary PCI procedural volume impact 1-year all-cause mortality in patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI in Kerala, India?
Cohort (n=5,560)
Yes
Does institutional annual primary PCI procedural volume impact 1-year all-cause mortality in patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI in Kerala, India?
In Kerala, India, institutional PPCI volume has a nonlinear relationship with 1-year mortality (highest at high-volume centers and lowest at medium-volume centers), indicating that process-of-care metrics and access equity may be more critical than global volume benchmarks in low- and middle-income countries.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Questions reliance on volume thresholds for STEMI PCI triage; leaves open whether process-of-care factors explain the U-shaped mortality pattern.
Background There are limited data to inform policy mandating primary percutaneous coronary intervention ( PPCI ) volume benchmarks for catheterization laboratories in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Methods and Results This prospective state‐wide registry included ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients with symptoms of <12 hours, or with ongoing ischemia at 12 to 24 hours, reperfused with PPCI . From June 2013 to March 2016, we recruited 5560 consecutive patients. We categorized hospitals on the basis of annual PPCI volumes into low, medium, and high volume (<100, 100–199, and ≥200 PPCIs per year, respectively). Kaplan‐Meier curves and Cox regression models were used to examine the association between PPCI volume and 1‐year mortality. Among 42 recruiting hospitals, there were 24 (57.2%) low‐volume, 8 (19%) medium‐volume, and 10 (23.8%) high‐volume hospitals. The median (25th–75th percentile) TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction risk score was 3 (2–5). Cardiac arrest before admission occurred in 4.2%, 2.1%, and 2.9% of cases at low‐, medium‐, and high‐volume hospitals, respectively ( P =0.02). Total ischemic time differed significantly among low‐volume (median [25th–75th percentile], 3.5 [2.4–5.5] hours), medium‐volume (median, 3.8 [25th–75th percentile, 2.58–6.05] hours), and high‐volume hospitals (median, 4.16 [25th–75th percentile 2.8–6.3] hours) ( P =0.01). Vascular access was radial in 61.5%, 71.3%, and 63.2% of cases at low‐, medium‐, and high‐volume hospitals, respectively ( P =0.01). The observed 1‐year mortality rate was 6.5%, 3.4%, and 8.6% at low‐, medium‐ and high‐volume hospitals, respectively ( P <0.01), and the difference did not attenuate after multivariate adjustment (low versus medium: hazard ratio [95% CI ], 1.80 [1.12–2.90]; high versus medium: hazard ratio [95% CI ], 2.53 [1.78–3.58]) ( P <0.01). Conclusions Low‐ and middle‐income countries, like India, may have a nonlinear relationship between institutional PPCI volume and outcomes, partly driven by procedural variations and inequalities in access to care.
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Abdullakutty et al. (2020) conducted a cohort in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (n=5,560). High-volume (≥200 PPCIs/year) or low-volume (<100 PPCIs/year) hospital annual PPCI volume vs. Medium-volume hospital annual PPCI volume (100-199 PPCIs/year) was evaluated on 1-year all-cause mortality (High-volume vs Medium-volume hospitals) (HR 2.53, 95% CI 1.78-3.58, p=<0.01). High-volume (HR 2.53) and low-volume (HR 1.80) primary PCI centers had higher 1-year mortality than medium-volume centers in STEMI patients in India.
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