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February 7, 2026Journal of Translational AutoimmunityOpen Access

Autoimmune myocarditis was characterized by higher Th1/Th2 (p=0.004) and Th17/Treg ratios (p=0.008) vs healthy controls, while viral myocarditis had higher CD62L+/CD56+ NK cells (p=0.001) vs autoimmune myocarditis.

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Why the study?

Immunosuppression may be required in autoimmune myocarditis but is not always effective, motivating the identification of non-invasive cellular biomarkers of etiology and treatment response in peripheral blood.

Comparison

Biopsy-proven myocarditis patients out of IS vs on IS vs healthy controls

Authors

CVCristina VicenzettoAGAndrea Silvio GiordaniABAnna Baritussio

Discussion

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Overview

Hypothesis-generating for blood immunophenotypes as etiology and IS-response adjuncts; should not yet change EMB-guided practice.

Structured PICO

P
Population
87 subjects: 58 endomyocardial biopsy (EMB)-proven myocarditis patients not on immunosuppression (IS), 20 EMB-proven myocarditis patients on IS, and 9 healthy controls.
O
Outcome
Peripheral blood immunophenotypes (cell distribution evaluated by flow cytometry) as biomarkers of etiology and response to immunosuppressionsurrogate

Peripheral blood immunophenotyping reveals distinct innate and adaptive immune cell profiles that correlate with myocarditis etiology and response to immunosuppression, offering potential non-invasive biomarkers.

Cite This Study

Vicenzetto et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a7fb460dbb28b4b4918f244https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100355
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1How to improve therapy in myocarditis: role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance and of endomyocardial biopsy2019 · 17 citations
  2. 2Pathological spectrum of immune checkpoint myocarditis: The fast track ICI cohort study2025
  3. 3Dysregulation of Peripheral Blood B Cells and Natural Killer Cells Is Associated With Myocarditis in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies2026
  4. 4Circulating cardiac-specific autoantibodies as markers of autoimmunity in clinical and biopsy-proven myocarditis1997 · 101 citations
  5. 5Immunohistochemical Staining of Lymphocytes for the Reliable Diagnosis of Myocarditis in Endomyocardial Biopsies2008 · 23 citations