Advances of nanoparticle-mediated diagnostic and theranostic strategies for atherosclerosis

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Graphic representation of the pathological development of atherosclerosis and the methods for atherosclerosis diagnosis and treatment.

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  FIGURE 2. Nano-strategies based on conventional imaging technologies. (A) Schematic diagram of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque assessment by targeted microbubbles. (B) B-Mode and CEUS imaging for the vulnerable plaque. Reprinted with permission (van den Oord et al., 2013). (C) SPECT/MRI images of 99mTc−DTPA−USPIO−Annexin V in atherosclerotic plaque in vivo. (D) The linear relationship between diagnosis signals with pathological staining. Reprinted with permission (Cheng et al., 2015). (E) Tri-modality images of atherosclerotic plaque in rabbit. Scale bar = 1 mm. The Opyica Publishing Group request a certain type of citation as “Reprinted with permission (YAN and TENG, 2017) © The Optical Society.”

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  FIGURE 3. Diagnosis of atherosclerosis based on fluorescence imaging. (A) The signals of ICG in human carotid atherosclerosis ex vivo. Reprinted with permission (Johan et al., 2016). (B) Schematic diagram of fluorescence-switch function. (C) NIRF imaging of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE− mice. Scale bar = 5 mm. Reprinted with permission (Yudai Narita et al., 2019). (D) Upconversion luminescent images of atherosclerotic plaque captured at different time points in ApoE− mice. Reprinted with permission (Qiao et al., 2017).

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  FIGURE 4. Diagnosis of atherosclerosis based on IVPA imaging. (A) Schematic diagram of PA imaging. (B) B-scan images and the PA signal in rat carotid arteries (Xie et al., 2020). (C) Schematic diagram of OPN Ab/Ti3C2/ICG nanoprobe. (D)The accumulation of OPN Ab/Ti3C2/ICG in the atherosclerotic plaque. Scale bar = 50 μm. (E) The PA imaging of the experimental mice in vivo. Reprinted with permission (Ge et al., 2020).

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  FIGURE 5. Diagnosis of atherosclerosis based on exosomes. (A) Schematic illustration of the nanoprobe for the detection of miR21 and PDCD4 mRNA. (B) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of HAL@M2 Exo. (C) Fluorescence imaging of HAL or HAL@M2 Exo treated mice at different time intervals. (D)Photographs and (E) HE staining of plaque and the corresponding quantitative analyses of plaque areas. Scale bar = 300 mm. Reprinted with permission (Guanghao Wu et al., 2020).

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  FIGURE 6. Integrated diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. (A) Schematic illustration of the MNC@M-ST/AP fabrication. (B) In vivo MRI imaging of atherosclerotic plaque. (C) Photographs of excised aortas with ORO staining. Scale bar = 100 μm; Reprinted with permission (Wu et al., 2020). (D) Schematic illustration of the apoptosis-induction therapy. (E) In vivo imaging of the carotid atheroma at 48 h after the intravenous injection of DS-Ce6. Scale bar = 400 μm. (F) Histological validation of the therapeutic effects of DS-Ce6. Reprinted with permission (Song et al., 2021). (G) Schematic illustration of PLCDP@PMH theranostic nanoplatform. (H) Cross-section and side-looking photos of atherosclerotic plaque. (I) Photographs and relative area of the plaque after treatment. Reprinted with permission (Ma et al., 2022).