Immunotherapy in Penile Cancer

Summary Penile cancer is a rare and aggressive malignancy, with higher incidence rates seen in regions such as India, Africa, and South America. Treatment options for advanced and metastatic disease, particularly in platinum-refractory cases, remain limited, resulting in poor prognosis. Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, human papillomavirus (HPV)-targeted vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapies, is a focus of ongoing research and demonstrates encouraging results, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted agents. Ongoing research aims to identify predictive biomarkers like tumor mutational burden, PD-L1 expression, and HPV status to improve patient selection. Collaborative global effort is essential to optimize treatments and improve patient outcomes.