Device therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a new era

Figures

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  Figure 1. Therapeutic device options for the management of patients with HFrEF. †BAT, baroreflex activation; ICD, implantable cardioverter–defibrillator; CCM, cardiac contractility modulation; SCD, sudden cardiac death; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy.

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  Figure 2. Devices approved by FDA to be used in HF along with their level of evidence according to NYHA class and LVEF. †FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HF, heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure reduced ejection fraction; TEER, transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair; BAT, baroreflex activation therapy; CCM, cardiac contractility modulation.

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  Figure 3. Optimizer cardiac contractility modulation system used for heart failure management.

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  Figure 4. Device-based algorithm for the management of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Devices approved by FDA to be used in HF along with their level of evidence according to NYHA class and LVEF. †FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HF, heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure reduced ejection fraction; TEER, transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair; BAT, baroreflex activation therapy; CCM, cardiac contractility modulation.

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  Figure 5. Level of evidence for clinical use of LVADs according to class of recommendation and LOE to clinical strategies, interventions, treatments, or diagnostic testing in patient care (updated May 2019). †LVAD, left ventricular assist device; LOE, level of evidence.

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  Figure 6. The workflow of CARMAT-total artificial heart.

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  Figure 7. Upcoming devices for HF and their level of evidence for clinical use according to class of recommendation and LOE to clinical strategies, interventions, treatments, or diagnostic testing in patient care (updated May 2019).†HF, heart failure; LOE, level of evidence.

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  Figure 8. Implantable sensors for hemodynamic monitoring: (A) Chronicle, (B) CardioMEMS, (C) Cordella, (D) V-LAP, and (E) HeartPOD. †LAP, left atrial pressure.

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  Figure 9. Implantable left atrial decompression devices: (A) Corvia IASD, (B) V-wave, (C) TASS, and (D) AFR. †IASD, inter-atrial shunt device; TASS, transcatheter atrial shunt system; AFR, atrial flow regulator.

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  Figure 10. Left ventricular restoration devices: (A) AccuClinch ventricular restoration system, (B) papillary muscle sling, and (C) Revivent TC system.

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  Figure 11. Transcatheter devices used for neuromodulation: (A) Barostim Neo, (B) Harmony system, (C) Vitara, and (D) Satera ablation system.

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  Figure 12. Transcatheter devices used for the management of acute cardiorenal syndrome: (A) Aortix percutaneous mechanical circulatory support system, (B) Reitan catheter pump, (C) secondary heart assist device, (D) Doraya renal flow regulator, (E) preCARDIA system, (F) TRVD system, (G) reprieve system, and (H) CPNS. †TRVD, transcatheter renal venous decongestion; CPNS, cardiac pulmonary nerve stimulation.