Comparative effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for prehypertension: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flowchart for searching and selecting eligible studies.

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  Fig. 2. Risk of bias assessment as a percentage.

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  Fig. 3. Network plot and forest plot of SBP outcome. (A) network plot, each node corresponds to a specific lifestyle intervention, with "CO" denoting the control intervention. the nodes represent lifestyle interventions, the node size represents the number of studies, the lines represent the number of direct comparisons between lifestyle interventions. (B) forest plot was used to compare the effect sizes of lifestyle interventions relative to the control group. Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DS, dietary supplement; EX, exercise; HE, health education; LSM, lifestyle modification; GHD, general healthy diet; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; MA, massage; PC, psychological care; ME, meditation; RT, relaxation therapy; TEAS, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of acupuncture points; CO, control; CrI, credible interval.

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  Fig. 4. Network plot and forest plot of DBP outcome. (A) network plot, each node corresponds to a specific lifestyle intervention, with "CO" denoting the control intervention. the nodes represent lifestyle interventions, the node size represents the number of studies, the lines represent the number of direct comparisons between lifestyle interventions. (B) forest plot was used to compare the effect sizes of lifestyle interventions relative to the control group. Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DS, dietary supplement; EX, exercise; HE, health education; LSM, lifestyle modification; GHD, general healthy diet; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; MA, massage; PC, psychological care; ME, meditation; RT, relaxation therapy; TEAS, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of acupuncture points; CO, control; CrI, credible interval.

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  Fig. 5. Subgroup analyses of SBP outcome. Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DS, dietary supplement; EX, exercise; HE, health education; LSM, lifestyle modification; GHD, general healthy diet; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; MA, massage; PC, psychological care; ME, meditation; RT, relaxation therapy; TEAS, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of acupuncture points; CO, control; CrI, credible interval; LMICs, low- and middle-income countries.

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  Fig. 6. Subgroup analyses of DBP outcome. Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DS, dietary supplement; EX, exercise; HE, health education; LSM, lifestyle modification; GHD, general healthy diet; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; MA, massage; PC, psychological care; ME, meditation; RT, relaxation therapy; TEAS, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of acupuncture points; CO, control; CrI, credible interval; LMICs, low- and middle-income countries.