We present an empirical model that predicts the building penetration loss at the 2 GHz band for high elevation angles involved in mobile communications served by high altitude platform stations. The model takes into account the elevation angle of the specific building with respect to the position of the platform. The penetration loss is found to be an increasing function of the elevation angle for a building with concrete walls and normal window size. The predicted values are compared with a ray-tracing simulation at 2 GHz and a published measurement campaign at 5 GHz; good agreement is reported.
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Axiotis et al. (2003) studied this question.