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August 24, 2026Frontiers in Public HealthOpen Access

The relationship between adolescents' swimming self-efficacy and high-risk behaviors: a chain mediating model based on latent profile analysis

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Authors

YXYang XiSXShujie XiangHZHui Zhang

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Overview

Cross-sectional survey reveals overconfidence increases high-risk water behaviors in adolescents, highlighting the need for stratified drowning prevention programs.

Key Points

  • To investigate the latent profiles of swimming self-efficacy in adolescents and assess how water safety knowledge and skills mediate the relationship between self-efficacy and high-risk swimming behaviors.
  • Surveyed 3,239 adolescents (mean age: 12.73 ± 1.54 years) using validated scales for swimming self-efficacy, water safety knowledge, water safety skills, and high-risk swimming behaviors.
  • Identified self-efficacy subgroups using latent profile analysis and evaluated chain mediation pathways using bias-corrected bootstrap estimation.
  • Identified four latent self-efficacy profiles: fear-avoidant (58.6%), tentative (20.7%), assertive (14.9%), and overconfident (5.8%), with high-risk swimming behaviors increasing sequentially across groups (all P < 0.001).
  • Chain mediation through safety knowledge and skills was statistically significant for tentative (β = 0.005, 95% CI [0.002, 0.008], P < 0.001) and assertive swimmers (β = 0.006, 95% CI [0.004, 0.010], P < 0.001), but not for overconfident swimmers (95% CI [-0.001, 0.008]).
  • Water safety skills alone exhibited a significant mediating effect on high-risk behaviors among overconfident swimmers (β = 0.036, 95% CI [0.021, 0.055], P < 0.001).

Cite This Study

Xi et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8c0010bca056c88e6defbfhttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1869352
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Also Consider

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  4. 4The influence of water safety knowledge on adolescents’ drowning risk behaviors: a framework of risk-protect integrated and KAP theory2024 · 9 citations
  5. 5Beyond the Pool: Learning to Swim, Socioeconomic Status, and Mental Health Among Adolescents2026