Proteinuria Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young Population

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow diagram of the study design. ICD‐10 indicates International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; K‐NHIS, Korean National Health Insurance Service; and SCA, sudden cardiac arrest.

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  Figure 2. Cumulative incidence of sudden cardiac arrest. Incidence is per 1000 person*year follow‐up.

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  Figure 3. Degree of urine protein and risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Participants without proteinuria (or trace) were included as references for each model. Model 1: non‐adjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age and sex. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, regular exercise, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, thyroid disease, and depression. Model 4: adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, regular exercise, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, thyroid disease, and depression. Model 5: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, regular exercise, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, thyroid disease, depression, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

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  Figure 4. Subgroup analysis according to CKD stage. Adjusted hazard ratio and 95% CI according to CKD stage based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Participants without proteinuria (or trace) were included as references for each CKD stage. Presence of proteinuria was associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest primarily in people with advanced CKD. Model 1: non‐adjusted. Model 4: adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, regular exercise, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, thyroid disease, and depression. Model 5: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, income, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, regular exercise, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, thyroid disease, depression, myocardial infarction, and stroke. CKD indicates chronic kidney disease.