Modeling and simulation of hypothermia effects on cardiac electrical dynamics

Figures

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  Fig 1. Effect of heat on APD and rise time. The APDs were calculated as the duration at which the voltage is maintained above −80 mV at point (6, 5). The rise time is calculated as the time interval at which the action potential increases from −80 mV to 30 mV.

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  Fig 2. Time evolution of the transmembrane potential Vm. Results at a) t = 33 ms and b) t = 93 ms. Numerical results at two different temperatures: T* = 31 °C (first column) and at T* = 37 °C (second column).

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  Fig 3. Time evolution of adapted mesh. Results at a) t = 33 ms and b) t = 93 ms. Numerical results at two different temperatures: T* = 31 °C (first column) and at T* = 37 °C (second column).

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  Fig 4. Effect of heat on a single spiral wave at five different time instances. Results at a) t = 300 ms, b) t = 450 ms, c) t = 900 ms, d) t = 1350 ms, and e) t = 1680 ms. The first column shows results at body temperature (T* = 37 °C in the tissue), the second column shows the case of a regional cooling (T* = 30 °C in the center of the tissue), and the third column considers the case of hypothermia (T* = 30 °C in the tissue).

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  Fig 5. Effect of heat on multiple spiral waves at five different time instances. Results at a) t = 900 ms, b) t = 1050 ms, c) t = 1350 ms, d) t = 1650 ms, and e) t = 1950 ms. The first column shows results at body temperature (T* = 37 °C in the tissue), the second column shows the results for the first case of regional cooling (T* = 30 °C in the center of the tissue), and the third column shows the results of the second case of regional cooling (T* = 28 °C in the center of the tissue).

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  Fig 6. Effect of heat on multiple spiral waves at five different time instants. Results at a) t = 900 ms, b) t = 1050 ms, c) t = 1350 ms, d) t = 1650 ms, and e) t = 1950 ms. The first column shows results at body temperature (T* = 37 °C in the tissue), the second column shows the results of the first case of hypothermia (T* = 30 °C in the tissue), and the third column shows the results of the second case of hypothermia (T* = 28 °C in the tissue).

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  Fig 7. Effect of hypothermia (T* = 28 °C) on multiple spiral waves in two different tissue sizes. Results at a) t = 900 ms, b) t = 1050 ms, c) t = 1450 ms, d) t = 1950 ms, and e) t = 2550 ms. The first column shows results for the region of 10 cm × 10 cm and second column shows results for the region of 13 cm × 13 cm.

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  Fig 8. Joule effect on temperature in the case of multi-spiral waves. Results at a) t = 900 ms, b) t = 1450 ms, and c) t = 2550 ms. The first column shows results without heat (T* = 37 °C in the tissue) and the second column shows the case of hypothermia (T* = 28 °C).

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  Fig 9. Adapted mesh and the corresponding solutions for both regional cooling (first column) and hypothermia (second column). a) Temperature T, b) transmembrane potential Vm, and c) the corresponding adapted mesh.

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  Fig 10. Effect of hypothermia (T* = 30 °C in the tissue) on a single spiral wave at five different time instances. Results at a) t = 450 ms, b) t = 900 ms, c) t = 1350 ms, and d) t = 1680 ms. The first column shows results for the proposed heat–bidomain model and the second column shows the results when heat is induced via the ionic model only.