Supplementation of L‐Arginine, L‐Glutamine, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, and Green Tea Extract Enhances Serum Nitric Oxide Content and Antifatigue Activity in Mice

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effect of LVFG supplementation exercise performance. (a) Forelimb grip strength. (b) Swimming exercise performance: mice were subjected to an exhaustive swimming exercise with a load equivalent to 5% of the mouse's body weight attached to its tail, and exercise performance test male ICR mice were pretreated with vehicle or 615, 1230, and 3075 mg/kg LVFG (1X, 2X, and 5X, respectively) before undergoing a grip strength test and swimming test 1 h after the final administered dose. (c) Effect of LVFG on serum nitric oxide (NO) at rest: all mice were sacrificed and examined for nitric oxide levels after the final treatment. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM for n = 8 mice in each group. One-way ANOVA was used for the analysis, and different letters (a, b) indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.

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  Figure 2. Effects of LVFG supplementation on serum (a) lactate, (b) ammonia, (c) glucose, and (d) creatine kinase (CK) levels after an acute exercise challenge. Mice were pretreated with the vehicle, 615, 1230, and 3075 mg/kg of LVFG for 4 weeks. One hour after the last treatment dose was administered, a 15-minute swimming test was performed without weight loading. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM of eight mice in each group. Columns with different letters (a, b) significantly differ by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05).

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  Figure 3. Effect of LVFG on (a) muscle and (b) liver glycogen levels at rest. Mice were pretreated with either vehicle, 615, 1230, or 3075 mg/kg of LVFG for 4 weeks. All mice were sacrificed and examined for glycogen levels in muscle and liver tissues 1 h after the final treatment. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM with n = 8 mice in each group. One-way ANOVA was used for the analysis, and different letters (a, b) indicate significant difference at p < 0.05.

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  Figure 4. Effect of LVFG supplementation on the morphology of (a) liver, (b) skeletal muscle, (c) heart, (d) kidney, (e) epididymal fat pad, and (f) brown adipose tissue. Specimens were photographed with a light microscope (Olympus BX51). H&E stain, magnification: 400×. Scale bar, 10 μm.