Analysis of the Dose-Response Effects of Physical Activity on Cardiocerebrovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Hypertension

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Study flowchart. Flowchart showing the process of participant selection. Of 41,474 participants from 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 4,917 remained in the final analysis.

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  FIGURE 2. The Kaplan-Meier curves for event-free survival of the adverse outcomes among patients with hypertension. (A) The event-free survival rate for the all-cause mortality. High-active group vs. low-active group, p = 0.611; high-active group vs. inactive group, p < 0.001; low-active group vs. inactive group, p < 0.001 by log-rank tests. (B) Event-free survival rate for cardiocerebrovascular mortality. High-active group vs. low-active group, p = 0.975; high-active group vs. inactive group, p < 0.001; low-active group vs. inactive group, p < 0.001 by log-rank tests.

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  FIGURE 3. Subgroup analyses of the association between physical activity and the adverse outcomes. Risks of all-cause and cardiocerebrovascular mortality of the high physical activity defined by equals to or greater than 7.5 MET-h/week as compared to physically inactive cohorts. Results are expressed as multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio after controlling covariates that include age, gender, race, body mass index, education, smoking, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, stroke, cancer, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), cholesterol intake, total fat intake, energy intake, protein intake, sodium intake, and medications (antiplatelet, warfarin, statin, antihypertensive drugs, β-blockers, α-blockers, diuretics, and hypoglycaemic agents), where possible interactions between above factors are also adjusted if necessary.

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  FIGURE 4. Restricted cubic spline models for the association between physical activity and adverse outcomes. Adjusted log10 hazards ratio (solid lines) and 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) after controlling covariates in Table 1 for (A) all-cause mortality, (B) cardiovascular mortality, and (C) cerebrovascular mortality, compared with total physical activity volume quantified in metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-h/week). Splines were examined in the fully adjusted model with the best placed knots at the 5, 35, 65, and 95th percentiles of physical activity level.