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The complex of copper(I) ions with 2,5,9,12-tetramethyl-2,5,9,12-tetraazatridecane in aqueous solutions is stable in the absence of oxygen; this observation indicates that the stabilization of low valent transition metal cations by tertiary tetraazamacrocylic ligands is due to the hydrophobic nature of these ligands.
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Golub et al. (1992) studied this question.
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