Rekonstruksi Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pejabat Pemerintahan Dan Pelaku Usaha Dalam Perspektif Hukum Administrasi, Perdata, Dan Pidana

This study aims to analyse the framework of legal liability for government officials and business operators from the perspectives of administrative, civil and criminal law; to identify the factors causing disharmony and overlap in legal liability; and to formulate a reconstruction model that ensures legal certainty, justice and proportionality. The research employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, case-based and comparative legal approaches. Data were collected through a literature review of primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources, and subsequently analysed qualitatively through legal interpretation, the harmonisation of legal norms, and descriptive and prescriptive analysis. The targeted outcome of the research is a model for the reconstruction of legal liability based on the principle of ultimum remedium, the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB), and the Business Judgement Rule. This model is expected to clarify the boundaries of administrative, civil and criminal liability, prevent the criminalisation of policies and business decisions made in good faith, whilst still ensuring accountability for the abuse of authority and unlawful acts. This study concludes that the harmonisation of legal norms and the application of the principle of proportional liability are necessary to realise a system of law enforcement that is fair, accountable, and provides legal certainty for government officials and business operators. Keywords: Criminal liability; Public officials; Business operators. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konstruksi pertanggungjawaban hukum pejabat pemerintahan dan pelaku usaha dalam perspektif hukum administrasi, perdata, dan pidana, mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab disharmonisasi dan tumpang tindih pertanggungjawaban hukum, serta merumuskan model rekonstruksi yang menjamin kepastian hukum, keadilan, dan proporsionalitas. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan perbandingan hukum. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui interpretasi hukum, sinkronisasi norma, serta analisis deskriptif dan preskriptif. Hasil penelitian yang ditargetkan berupa model rekonstruksi pertanggungjawaban hukum berbasis prinsip ultimum remedium, Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik (AUPB), dan Business Judgment Rule. Model ini diharapkan mampu memperjelas batas pertanggungjawaban administratif, perdata, dan pidana, mencegah kriminalisasi kebijakan serta keputusan bisnis yang dilakukan dengan itikad baik, dan tetap menjamin akuntabilitas atas penyalahgunaan wewenang maupun perbuatan melawan hukum. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa harmonisasi norma dan penerapan prinsip pertanggungjawaban secara proporsional diperlukan untuk mewujudkan sistem penegakan hukum yang adil, akuntabel, dan memberikan kepastian hukum bagi pejabat pemerintahan dan pelaku usaha. Kata kunci: Pertanggungjawaban pidana; Pejabat negara; Pelaku Usaha.