Ethnoscience-Based Digital Teaching Material Innovations in Biotechnology Learning: A Systematic Literature Review of 2022-2026 Studies

Biotechnology is a contextual topic, yet digital teaching materials that draw on local cultural knowledge remain scarce and their evidence has not been critically synthesized. This review aimed to map ethnoscience-based digital teaching material innovations in biotechnology, appraise their methodological quality and strength of evidence, and identify research gaps. Following PRISMA 2020, searches of scholarly search engines and SINTA- and DOAJ-indexed journal portals identified 43 records, of which 16 articles published in 2022-2026 were synthesized narratively, including seven on biotechnology. E-modules were the most common format (10 of 16 studies), and traditional fermented foods were the dominant cultural context. Mean expert validation reached 91.5% for content and 93.8% for media. All biotechnology studies used research and development designs, none reported a control group, and sample sizes and implementation durations were rarely reported. Effectiveness was tested in only six studies, with mostly moderate gains. Success claims therefore rest mainly on product feasibility, while conceptual understanding, modern biotechnology, and augmented reality remain unexplored and require controlled quasi-experimental studies.