Analisis Disparitas Manajemen Pembiayaan Dan Akses Pendidikan Digital Pada Pendidikan Dasar: Perspektif Ekonomi Pendidikan Di Indonesia Dan Negara Berkembang

The development of digital technology has created opportunities to improve the quality of basic education services. However, it has also introduced challenges in the form of infrastructure disparities, differences in educators' digital competencies, and inequalities in education financing. This study aims to analyze disparities in financing and access to digital education at the basic education level from the perspective of the economics of education through a comparative study of Indonesia and developing countries. The study employs a mixed-methods approach by integrating descriptive quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis of educational policy documents. The countries examined include Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Laos, Vietnam, Yemen, Botswana, Liberia, Burkina Faso, Namibia, South Sudan, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The analytical indicators include education budget allocation, the availability of information and communication technology infrastructure, teachers' digital competencies, the ratio of ICT devices to students, and equitable access to digital learning. This study is expected to provide a comparative overview of factors associated with disparities in digital education services and offer policy recommendations for more equitable education financing and educational resource management.