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This study aims to examine the effects of the deep learning approach and self-efficacy on the learning autonomy of students majoring in Office Management and Business Services at SMKN 14 Jakarta. The research method used was a quantitative approach with an ex post facto design. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires for both independent and dependent variables. The entire population of 108 students in grades XI and XII of the Office Management and Business Services program was included as the sample using proportionate random samplin A population of 108 students in grades 11 and 12 in the Office Management and Business Services program was included, and a sample of 108 students was selected using the proportionate random sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 through descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and hypothesis testing. The test results show that deep learning instruction has a positive and significant effect on students’ learning autonomy, with a calculated t-value of 4.818 exceeding the critical t-value of 1.980 at a significance level of <0.001. Self-efficacy also had a positive and significant effect, with a calculated t-value of 4.215 exceeding the critical t-value of 1.980 at a significance level of <0.001. Together, these two variables explain 38.4% of the variation in learning autonomy, as indicated by an R-squared value of 0.384, suggesting that increases in both variables correlate with increased student independent learning.
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Ramadhan et al. (2026) studied this question.
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