Key result
Sensor-based force-frequency relation assessment via wearable or implantable devices could enable continuous real-time contractility monitoring for chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease.
Why the study?
The force-frequency relation can reveal early alterations in cardiac contractility, and translating various laboratory, implantable, ambulatory, and wearable assessment approaches into clinical practice remains challenging.
This narrative review highlights the potential of real-time, wearable, or implantable sensor-based force-frequency relationship monitoring to improve the clinical management of chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Broadens contractility assessment across echo, nuclear, and sensor platforms; leaves open prospective validation before routine adoption.
Contractility is the intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to generate force and shorten. The force–frequency relation can reveal initial alterations between normal and abnormal contractility, making it a practical index for clinical evaluation. This narrative review provides a picture of force–frequency relationship assessment, including stress echocardiography laboratories (echo labs), nuclear laboratories (nuclear labs), implantable systems, ambulatory sensors, and wearable sensors. Different approaches have been investigated in the literature, and their translation into practice could be valuable, even if challenging. With a vision for the future, real-time monitoring systems based on wearable or implantable devices, able to continuously track force–frequency changes during daily activities, could constitute a concrete opportunity for improved management of conditions such as chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease.
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Bombardini et al. (2026) conducted a review in Cardiovascular conditions such as chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease. Sensor-based force-frequency relation assessment (stress echocardiography, nuclear laboratories, implantable systems, ambulatory sensors, and wearable sensors) was evaluated. Sensor-based force-frequency relation assessment via wearable or implantable devices could enable continuous real-time contractility monitoring for chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease.
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