The Effectiveness of Employee Training and Development: A Systematic Literature Review from a Human Resource Management Perspective

This study systematically reviews recent literature (2020–2024) on the effectiveness of employee training and development programs from a human resource management (HRM) perspective. The main focus is to identify key approaches, models, and factors contributing to training success in modern organizational settings. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method based on the PRISMA guidelines, 14 journal articles were thematically analyzed through database search, inclusion/exclusion screening, and content coding. Findings highlight five major factors affecting training effectiveness: need-based training design, instructional and evaluation models, leadership and organizational culture, technology integration, and impact on employee performance and retention. Well-structured and contextual training significantly enhances organizational capability. This study provides valuable insights for HR managers, training designers, organizational leaders, and policymakers. It serves as a reference for developing adaptive, strategic, and sustainable training programs aligned with technological change. Emphasizing the integration of digital technology and leadership roles, this review contributes to advancing dynamic HRM strategies.