High‐fat diet affects skeletal muscle mitochondria comparable to pressure overload‐induced heart failure

FIGURE 1. Relative changes in weights of animals 10 wk after pressure overload and with high‐fat diet (HFD) or in combination compared with control. Data are mean + SEM. Normal Chow (NC) n = 7, HFD n = 8‐9, NC + pressure overload (PO) n = 5 and HFD + PO n = 4. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 for pressure overload (T), diet (D), interaction (I) or to respective control group of same surgical treatment; †† P < 0.01, ††† P < 0.001 to group of same diet

FIGURE 2. Maximal mitochondrial respiration (state 3, ADP stimulated; A‐C) and ADP/O ratios (D‐F) of interfibrillar mitochondria (white bars) and subsarcolemmal mitochondria (grey bars) with pyruvate and malate of control animals (empty bars) compared to animals subjected to pressure overload (PO) (ascending lines; A, D), compared to animals fed high‐fat diet (HFD) (descending lines; B, E) and compared to animals with PO and HFD (intersecting lines; C, F). Data are mean + SEM. Normal chow (NC) n = 7, HFD n = 8, NC + PO n = 5 and HFD + PO n = 4. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 for pressure overload (T), diet (D), interaction (I) or to respective control group of same surgical treatment; † P < 0.05, †† P < 0.01, ††† P < 0.001 to group of same diet; ns, non significant

FIGURE 3. Mitochondrial isolated complex activities of interfibrillar mitochondria (A; white bars) and subsarcolemmal mitochondria (B; grey bars) of control animals (empty bars) compared to animals subjected to pressure overload (PO) (ascending lines), compared to animals fed high‐fat diet (HFD) (descending lines) and compared to animals with PO and HFD (intersecting lines); data are mean + SEM. Normal chow (NC) n = 5‐9, HFD n = 8‐9, NC + PO n = 5‐6 and HFD + PO n = 4. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 for pressure overload (T), diet (D), interaction (I) or to respective control group of same surgical treatment; † P < 0.05, †† P < 0.01 to group of same diet; ns, non significant

FIGURE 4. Fasting blood glucose level and glucose tolerance (area under the curve) of control animals (empty bars) compared to animals subjected to pressure overload (PO) (ascending lines; A), compared to animals fed high‐fat diet (HFD) (descending lines; B) and compared to animals with PO and HFD (intersecting lines; c). Data are mean + SEM, normal chow (NC) n = 7, HFD n = 6, NC + PO n = 10 and HFD + PO n = 14. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 for pressure overload (T), diet (D), interaction (I) or to respective control group of same surgical treatment