Key result
Chronic nitric oxide deficiency alters virtually all known regulatory systems, affecting blood pressure, glucose, and lipid homeostasis, suggesting a link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
This review highlights that chronic nitric oxide deficiency interacts extensively with the endocrine system, potentially serving as a mechanistic link between metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Hypothesis-generating for nitric oxide deficiency as a cardiometabolic link; prospective trials needed before any clinical consideration.
The experimental model of chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production has proven to be a useful tool to study cardiovascular and renal lesions produced by this type of hypertension, which are similar to those found in human hypertension. It also offers a unique opportunity to study the interaction of NO with the humoral systems, known to have a role in the normal physiology of vascular tone and renal function. This review provides a thorough and updated analysis of the interactions of NO with the endocrine system. There is special focus on the main vasoactive factors, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, catecholamines, vasopressin, and endothelin among others. Recent discoveries of crosstalk between the endocrine system and NO are also reported. Study of these humoral interactions indicates that NO is a molecule with ubiquitous function and that its inhibition alters virtually to all other known regulatory systems. Thus, hypothyroidism attenuates the pressor effect of NO inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas hyperthyroidism aggravates the effects of NO synthesis inhibition; the sex hormone environment determines the blood pressure response to NO blockade; NO may play a homeostatic role against the prohypertensive effects of mineralocorticoids, thyroid hormones and insulin; and finally, NO deficiency affects not only blood pressure but also glucose and lipid homeostasis, mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X, suggesting that NO deficiency may be a link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
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Vargas et al. (2007) conducted a review in Chronic nitric oxide deficiency and hypertension. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated. Chronic nitric oxide deficiency alters virtually all known regulatory systems, affecting blood pressure, glucose, and lipid homeostasis, suggesting a link between metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
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