Potential role of the geriatric nutritional risk index as a novel risk factor for the development of non-valvular atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure

PURPOSE: The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is a simple and objective nutritional assessment tool for elderly patients. Lower GNRI values are associated with a worse prognosis in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Our aim is to investigate the relationship between malnutrition and follow-up cardiovascular (CV) events in HFrEF. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 362 patients with HFrEF. The baseline GNRI was calculated at the first visit. The patients were divided into three groups according to the GNRI: >98, no-risk group; 92 to ≤98, low risk group; 82 to <92, moderate‑to‑high‑risk group. The study endpoint was a composite of follow-upCV events, including all-cause mortality, non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) , need for cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy, HfrEF‑related hospitalizations and need for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). RESULTS: Follow-up data showed that the group with moderate-to-high risk had a significantly higher incidence of NVAF, PCIs and all-cause mortality compared to other groups (p<0.001, p: 0.026 and p0.05). Mean GNRI value was 83.3 in NVAF patients and 101.1 in patients without NVAF (p<0.001). Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed that patients from the group with moderate-to-high risk had a significantly worse survival rate (p < 0.001). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, the group with moderate-to‑high risk (HR=3.872) and ICD implantations (HR=4.045) were associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSION: The GNRI value may have a potential role for predicting future events, especially NVAF in patients with HfrEF (Tab. 4, Fig. 2, Ref. 27).