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August 1, 2026International Heart JournalOpen Access

Association between Circulating Interleukin-2 and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

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Why the study?

The association between circulating inflammatory cytokines and clinical outcomes in patients with ADHF remains incompletely understood.

Population

872 patients with ADHF

Comparison

Patients with vs without MACE

Follow-up

1 year

Key result

Elevated baseline serum interleukin-2 levels were independently associated with a 21.2% higher risk of 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events per doubling of IL-2 in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.

Authors

CWChenyu WangGYGaoliang YanYQYuhan Qin

Discussion

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Member takes

Overview

Cytokine levels may aid ADHF risk stratification; leaves open whether targeting inflammation alters outcomes.

Key Points

  • This study aims to understand the relationship between circulating interleukin-2 levels and clinical outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
  • Included 872 patients with acute decompensated heart failure who were followed for 1 year.
  • Compared inflammatory cytokine levels and clinical characteristics between patients with and without major adverse cardiovascular events.
  • Employed multivariable Cox regression to determine factors linked to 1-year outcomes.
  • Serum IL-2 levels were significantly higher in patients who experienced major adverse cardiovascular events (0.24 pg/mL vs. 0.21 pg/mL, P < 0.05).
  • Multivariable analysis revealed that log 2-transformed IL-2 was independently associated with 1-year MACE (HR = 1.212, 95% CI: 1.080-1.359, P = 0.001).
  • Adding IL-2 to the clinical risk model improved prognostic accuracy (NRI: 0.245, P = 0.032; IDI: 0.019, P = 0.028).

Study Design

Type

Cohort (n=872)

Multicenter

No

PICO

P
Population
872 patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure, with 48.2% females, followed for 1 year to assess the prognostic value of inflammatory cytokines.
E
Exposure / Comparator
Serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) vs Lower IL-2 levels
O
Primary Outcome
1-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) — HR 1.212 (1.080-1.359), p=0.001

Main Result

Hazard Ratio: 1.212 (95% CI 1.08–1.359)

p-value: p=0.001

Limitations

  • Single-center retrospective study design is inherently subject to selection bias and residual confounding.
  • Generalizability of the findings to other centers, regions, and patient populations may be limited.
  • The 1-year follow-up period precluded assessment of longer-term associations.
  • Reliance on baseline inflammatory profiles without dynamic monitoring limited the ability to evaluate temporal changes in IL-2.

Cite This Study

Wang et al. (2026) conducted a cohort in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) (n=872). Serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) vs. Lower IL-2 levels was evaluated on 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (HR 1.212, 95% CI 1.080-1.359, p=0.001). Elevated baseline serum interleukin-2 levels were independently associated with a 21.2% higher risk of 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events per doubling of IL-2 in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a6db180e258b358b3c6cb10https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.25-557
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Soluble interleukin-2 receptor combined with interleukin-8 is a powerful predictor of future adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction2023 · 15 citations
  2. 2Serum inflammatory factors as predictors of severity and prognosis in heart failure: A cohort study.2026
  3. 3IL‐2Rα is a potential biomarker for heart failure diagnosis of patients with end‐stage renal disease and haemodialysis2024 · 2 citations
  4. 4The Interleukin-1 Axis and Risk of Death in Patients With Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure2019 · 76 citations
  5. 5High interleukin-8 serum levels independently predict long-term all-cause mortality in chronic heart failure2025 · 1 citations