The study of dry biological valve crosslinked with a combination of carbodiimide and polyphenol

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Representative photos for the tissues (3 cm × 3 cm) pre-crimped in catheter after put into PBS are shown. Scale bar: 1 cm. The dry valve in the glutaraldehyde (GLUT) treatment group had obvious creases while the EDC/CC treatment group flattened without creases or damage.

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  Figure 2.. Calcium contents of each explant were calculated. N = 6. The calcification content of EDC/CC and EDC/PC group was much lower than that of GLUT group.

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  Figure 3.. A. Cell viability in each group. N = 3 (three independent experiments). B. Microscopic images (200×) of L929 cells are shown. Scale bar = 100. The cytotoxicity of polyphenols or polyphenols combined with EDC was significantly lower than that of glutaraldehyde.

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  Figure 4.. Representative scanning electron microscope images of adherent platelets on the samples. Scale bar: 20 µm (2000×). There was more adhered platelet in the glutaraldehyde treatment group, and almost no adhered platelet was seen in the CC, EDC/CC, PC, or EDC/PCC treatment group.

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  Figure 5.. Representative scanning electron microscope images of adherent whole blood on the samples. Scale bar: 20 µm (2000×). The results of whole blood adhesion tests were consistent with the trend of platelet adhesion.

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  Figure 6.. Peak stress required to cause tearing (A) and ultimate tensile strength of pericardium samples (B) is shown. N = 4 (four independent experiments). Scale bar: 1 cm. The peak stress to cause tear of CC group was lower than that of glutaraldehyde group, while EDC/CC, PC, or EDC/PC treatment group was close to glutaraldehyde treatment group. The maximum tensile strength in CC group was lower than that in glutaraldehyde group, while EDC/CC, PC, EDC/PC treatment groups were close to glutaraldehyde treatment group.

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  Figure 7.. Ultimate tensile strain of pericardium samples (A) and tangent modulus (B) are shown. N = 4 (four independent experiments). The maximum tensile strain of CC group was similar to that of glutaraldehyde group, while EDC/CC, PC, or EDC/PC treatment group was slightly lower than glutaraldehyde treatment group.

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  Figure 8.. Collagenase and elastase enzymatic degradation in vitro. Change in mass post collagenase (A) and elastase (B) treatment. N = 4 (four independent experiments). The protective effect of the EDC/CC or EDC/PC combination treatment group on collagen was similar to that of the glutaraldehyde crosslinking group.

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  Figure 9.. Thermal shrinkage temperature of each group. N = 4 (four independent experiments). The thermal shrinkage temperature of the EDC/CC or EDC/PC treatment group was close to that of the glutaraldehyde crosslinking group.