Resveratrol Butyrate Esters Reduce Hypertension in a Juvenile Rat Model of Chronic Kidney Disease Exacerbated by Microplastics

Figures

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  Figure 1. Experimental protocol employed in the current study.

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  Figure 2. (A) Body weight, (B) kidney weight-to-body weight ratio, (C) systolic blood pressure, (D) diastolic blood pressure, and (E) mean arterial pressure in rats receiving adenine chow (CK), microplastics (MP), or resveratrol butyrate esters (RBE). N = 8/group; * p < 0.05, compared with rats fed with regular chow (CN), # p < 0.05, compared with rats fed with adenine chow (CK); † p < 0.05, compared with rats exposed to microplastics (MP); and ‡ p < 0.05, compared with rats fed adenine chow and exposed to MP (CKMP).

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  Figure 3. Renal mRNA expression of olfactory receptor 78 (OlfR78); G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41), GPR43, and GPR109A in rats receiving adenine chow (CK), microplastics (MPs), or resveratrol butyrate esters (RBEs). N = 8/group. * p < 0.05, compared with rats fed with regular chow (CN); # p < 0.05, compared with rats fed with adenine chow (CK); † p < 0.05, compared with rats exposed to microplastics (MPs); and ‡ p < 0.05, compared with rats fed adenine chow and exposed to MP (CKMP).

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  Figure 4. For α-diversity analysis among the groups, we utilized (A) the Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity (PD) index and (B) the Shannon index. For the β-diversity assessment, we performed (C) Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA). Each point represents the microbiota of an individual sample, with colors indicating the corresponding group. N = 8 per group. CN, rats fed with regular chow; CK, rats fed with adenine chow; MP, rats exposed to microplastics; CKMP, rats fed adenine chow and exposed to MP; and CKMPRBE, rats fed adenine chow and exposed to both MP and resveratrol butyrate esters.

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  Figure 5. Linear discriminant effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial taxa between the CKMP (blue) and CKMPRBE (orange) groups, with LDA scores exceeding 3.0. CKMP, rats fed adenine chow and exposed to MP; CKMPRBE, rats fed adenine chow and exposed to both MP and resveratrol butyrate esters.

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  Figure 6. Differentially abundant taxa between the CKMP and CKMPRBE groups as identified by STAMP analysis with 95% confidence intervals. N = 8/group. CKMP, rats fed adenine chow and exposed to MP; CKMPRBE, rats fed adenine chow and exposed to both MP and resveratrol butyrate esters.

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  Figure 7. Plasma concentrations of (A) L-arginine, (B) asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and (C) their combined ratio (AAR) in rats receiving adenine chow (CK), microplastics (MPs), or resveratrol butyrate esters (RBEs). N = 8/group; * p < 0.05, compared with rats fed with regular chow (CN).

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  Figure 8. Renal mRNA expression of RAS-related genes in the (A) classical axis, which includes renin, pro(renin) receptor (PRR), angiotensinogen (AGT), ACE1, and AT1R; the (B) nonclassical axis, which includes ACE2, MAS, and AT2R in rats receiving adenine chow (CK), microplastics (MP), or resveratrol butyrate esters (RBE). N = 8/group. * p < 0.05, compared with rats fed with regular chow (CN); # p < 0.05, compared with rats fed with adenine chow (CK); † p < 0.05, compared with rats exposed to microplastics (MP); and ‡ p < 0.05, compared with rats fed adenine chow and exposed to MP (CKMP).