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Theoretical modeling determines the electric charge modulus of sub-photonic etherons, suggesting a deterministic mechanical framework alternative to the Standard Model.
The present work analytically determines the electric charge modulus of the individual etherons constituting the structure of the photon according to the MODEC (Double-Helical Model of the Photon) [1] and the Subtle Particle Model (SPM) [2]. Starting from this fundamental quantity, it is possible to derive multiple experimental parameters and outline a causal and deterministic description of the microcosm. The ability to reduce such evidence to an essential mechanical dynamics strengthens the plausibility of the composite photon hypothesis with respect to the conventional paradigm of the Standard Model [4].
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Alberto Donini (2026) studied this question.
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