A substantial portion of beta-adrenoceptor mediated positive inotropy is independent of L-type Ca2+ current, with the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger playing a requisite role in this mechanism.
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NCX may mediate beta-adrenergic inotropy independently of L-type Ca current; hypothesis-generating in animals and requires human validation before any clinical consideration.
Kubota et al. (2002) studied this question.
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