January 1, 2003Epidemiology
Smoking, Blood Pressure and Serum Cholesterol—Effects on 20-Year Mortality
Why the study?
Does the combination of smoking and high blood pressure, conditional on serum cholesterol levels, increase the 20-year risk of CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality in adults aged 30-54?
Population
50,000 men and women age 30-54 years, examined between 1974 and 1980, in five Dutch towns.
Comparison
High systolic blood pressure and smoking… vs Lower risk profiles
Design
Cohort
Follow-up
average 20 years
Authors
Discussion
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Member takes
Implication
Associated high RRs support multifactorial risk assessment; leaves open whether combined interventions reduce events in this group.
Structured PICO
Does the combination of smoking and high blood pressure, conditional on serum cholesterol levels, increase the 20-year risk of CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality in adults aged 30-54?
P
Population
50,000 men and women age 30-54 years, examined between 1974 and 1980, in five Dutch towns.
I
Intervention
High systolic blood pressure (≥140 mmHg) and smoking, stratified by serum total cholesterol levels (low <5.2, medium 5.2-6.49, high ≥6.5 mmol/L)
C
Comparator
Lower risk profiles (e.g., normal blood pressure, non-smoking, low cholesterol)
O
Outcome
Mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and all causeshard clinical
The combination of smoking, elevated blood pressure, and high cholesterol synergistically increases the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality over 20 years, highlighting the importance of multifactorial risk reduction.
Cite This Study
Houterman et al. (2003) studied this question.