Population
Monkey isolated superior and inferior caval veins with and without intact endothelium, partially contracted…
Comparison
Acetylcholine, isoprenaline, and Ca-ionophore… vs Endothelium-intact vs endothelium-denuded…
Design
Preclinical
Authors
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Suggests direct muscarinic action on venous smooth muscle; leaves open translation to human veins and clinical relevance.
Acetylcholine induces endothelium-independent relaxation in monkey caval veins by acting directly on venous smooth muscle cells via high-affinity muscarinic receptors to accumulate cGMP.
Fukushima et al. (1993) studied this question.
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