The Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Early Changes in Arterial Function during High-Fat Diet and Its Combination with High-Fructose Intake in Rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to cumulative doses of acetylcholine in PVAT(+) (A) and PVAT(−) (B) preparations of thoracic aorta from Wistar–Kyoto rats: control, treated with the high-fat (HF) diet, and treated with the HF diet + fructose. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. HF diet; + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01 vs. control. (C) Relaxations expressed as AUC (area under curve) values. ** p < 0.01 vs. PVAT(−). Values represent means ± SEM; n = 6.

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  Figure 2. Frequency-dependent contractile responses to transmural electrical stimulation in PVAT(+) (A) and PVAT(−) (B) preparations of mesenteric artery from Wistar–Kyoto rats: control, treated with high-fat (HF) diet, and treated with HF diet + fructose. * p < 0.05 vs. HF diet + fructose; + p < 0.05 vs. control. Values represent means ± SEM; n = 6.

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  Figure 3. Frequency-dependent contractile responses to transmural electrical stimulation in PVAT(+) (A) and PVAT(−) (B) preparations of abdominal aorta from Wistar–Kyoto rats: control, treated with high-fat (HF) diet, and treated with HF diet + fructose. * p < 0.05 vs. HF diet + fructose; + p < 0.05 vs. control. Values represent means ± SEM; n = 6.

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  Figure 4. Frequency-dependent contractile responses to transmural electrical stimulation (TES) expressed as AUC (area under curve) values: comparison of PVAT(+) and PVAT(−) preparations of mesenteric artery (A) and abdominal aorta (B) in Wistar–Kyoto rats: control, treated with high-fat (HF) diet, and treated with HF diet + fructose. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. PVAT(−). Values represent means ± SEM; n = 6.

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  Figure 5. Contractile responses to tyramine (0.1 mM): comparison of PVAT(+) and PVAT(−) preparations of mesenteric artery (A) and abdominal aorta (B) in Wistar–Kyoto rats: control, treated with high-fat (HF) diet, and treated with HF diet + fructose. * p < 0.05 vs. PVAT(−). Values represent means ± SEM; n = 6.

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  Figure 6. Contractile responses to exogenous noradrenaline (1 μM): comparison of PVAT(+) and PVAT(−) preparations of mesenteric artery (A) and abdominal aorta (B) in Wistar–Kyoto rats: control, treated with high-fat (HF) diet, and treated with HF diet + fructose. Values represent means ± SEM; n = 6.