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October 13, 2025Head & NeckOpen Access

Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia and Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia and Its Biomarker Predictors: A Systematic Umbrella Review

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Authors

MFMohammed Taib FatihMMMohammed Khalid MahmoodBGBalkees Taha Garib

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Overview

Umbrella review reveals high malignant transformation rates in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and identifies DNA aneuploidy as a predictive biomarker, highlighting the need for targeted...

Key Points

  • Synthesize global evidence on malignant transformation prevalence in oral leukoplakia and evaluate potential predictive biomarkers.
  • Conducted an umbrella review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase through July 2025 following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Synthesized data from 27 systematic reviews covering >125,000 patients using random-effects meta-analyses, AMSTAR 2, and GRADE approaches.
  • Malignant transformation rates were substantially higher in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (48%) compared to general oral leukoplakia (6%).
  • Females exhibited nearly twice the transformation rate of males (64% vs. 35%), and tongue lesions demonstrated the highest site-specific risk (39%).
  • DNA aneuploidy emerged as the most promising predictive biomarker supported by moderate-quality evidence.

Cite This Study

Fatih et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aa925eb669f42ee3902c302https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.70073
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia – An Umbrella Review2025
  2. 2Predicting Malignant Transformation in Oral Leukoplakia: A Multilayer Perceptron Approach Incorporating Clinicopathological Features and <scp>DNA</scp> Content2025
  3. 3Cancer Hallmarks Expression in Oral Leukoplakia: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis2025 · 4 citations
  4. 4Malignant Transformation Risk in Patients With Oral Leukoplakia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.2026
  5. 5Immunohistochemical biomarkers for predicting malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia and lichen planus: a systematic review study2025