Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index as a Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Analysis

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Flowchart of patient enrollment in the CHF study. This visual representation outlines the process of participant selection for the study, detailing the initial number of CHF patients assessed, the subsequent exclusions based on specific criteria, and the final enrollment figure. The study's focus was on examining the relationship between SII values and clinical outcomes, with a median follow-up period of 22.75 months.

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  Figure 2.. ROC analysis of the SII for forecasting ACM. The ROC curve in Figure 2 illustrates the discriminative ability of SII levels in stratifying patients according to their risk of ACM. The AUC for patients in the high SII category, set at a threshold of 916.68, is calculated to be 0.88, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 0.82 to 0.95 (P < .001). This result signifies a robust predictive capability to distinguish patients who encountered ACM from those who did not. The ROC curve's placement above the non-discrimination threshold (the dashed line) highlights the diagnostic efficacy of SII in this scenario. The AUC value, in conjunction with the highly significant P-value, implies a strong association between higher SII levels and an elevated risk of mortality.

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  Figure 3.. Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative survival in relation to SII categories across CHF categories. Figure 3A illustrates the cumulative survival probabilities for the cohort stratified by low SII levels (<916.68) against high SII levels across the entire study population. Panels 3B, 3C, and 3D delineate the survival probabilities for the subgroups of HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF, respectively. Across all categories, the low SII group consistently exhibits significantly superior survival rates when compared to the high SII group (P < .001).

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  Figure 4.. Kaplan-Meier curves of cumulative hazard for all-cause mortality in relation to SII categories across CHF categories. Figure 4A displays the cumulative hazard for all-cause mortality for the cohort categorized by low SII levels (<916.68) in contrast to high SII levels across the entire study population. Panels 4B, 4C, and 4D depict the cumulative hazard for the subgroups of HFrEF, HFmrEF, and HFpEF, respectively. In all subgroups analyzed, the low SII group presents markedly reduced cumulative hazard rates (P < .001).