Preventive Effect of Protocatechuic Acid Ethyl Ester against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in Cardiomyocytes

Figures

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  Figure 1. Chemical structures of protocatechuic acid (a) and protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (b)

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  Figure 2. Viability percentage of H9C2 cells evaluated by MTT assay after 24 h incubation with different concentrations of protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (PCAE). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3)

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  Figure 3. Viability percentage of H9C2 cells evaluated by MTT assay after 24 h incubation with different concentrations of doxorubicin (0.125–8 µM). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3)

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  Figure 4. Viability percentage of H9C2 cells evaluated by MTT assay after 24 h pretreatment with protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (PCAE) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). ###P < 0.001 versus control (untreated cells); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001versus DOX

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  Figure 5. Intracellular ROS level in H9C2 cells evaluated by fluorescence intensity after 24 h pretreatment with protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (PCAE) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). ###P < 0.001 versus control (untreated cells); ***P < 0.001versus DOX. †P < 0.05 versus PCA

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  Figure 6. FRAP assay as a measure of antioxidant capacity in H9C2 cells was performed after 24 h pretreatment with protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (PCAE) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3).##P < 0.01 versus control (untreated cells); **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001versus DOX. †P < 0.05 versus PCA

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  Figure 7. Glutathione depletion in H9C2 cells evaluated by Ellman’s solution after 24 h pretreatment with protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (PCAE) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). ###P < 0.001 versus control (untreated cells); *P < 0.05 versus DOX